| Type | Public |
|---|---|
| Traded as | TYO: 9684 |
| Industry | Software & programming Books & magazines (Japan only) |
| Founded | September 22, 1975 (Enix)[1] September 1983 (Square Co.)[1] April 1, 2003 (as Square Enix)[1] October 1, 2008 (as Square Enix Holdings)[1] |
| Headquarters | Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan |
| Key people | Yasuhiro Fukushima, Honorary Chairman Yoichi Wada, President and CEO (Square Enix & Taito) Keiji Honda, Executive Vice President Phil Rogers, President and CEO (Square Enix Europe) Mike Fischer,[2] President and CEO (Square Enix, Inc.) |
| Products | Final Fantasy Dragon Quest Kingdom Hearts Tomb Raider Hitman Deus Ex Thief |
| Revenue | ¥125,271 million (April 1, 2010 - March 31, 2011)[3] |
| Net income | (¥12,043 million) (April 1, 2010 - March 31, 2011)[3] |
| Employees | 3,338 (as of March 31, 2010)[4] |
| Subsidiaries | Square Enix Group Taito Group Eidos Group Square Enix Europe[5] |
| Website | www.square-enix.com |
Square Enix Holdings Co., Ltd. (株式会社スクウェア・エニックス・ホールディングス Kabushiki-gaisha Sukuea Enikkusu Hōrudingusu) TYO: 9684 is a Japanese video game and publishing company[6] best known for its role-playing video game franchises, which include the Final Fantasy series, the Dragon Quest series, and the action-RPG Kingdom Hearts series. Its headquarters are located in the Shinjuku Bunka Quint Building in Yoyogi, Shibuya, Tokyo.[7][8]
The original Square Enix was formed as the result of a merger between Square Co. and the Enix Corporation. The merger occurred on April 1, 2003, with Square stockholders receiving 0.85 shares of stock in the new company compared to Enix stockholders receiving a one-to-one trade.[9] Enix was the surviving company of the merger.[10] At the time, 80% of Square Enix staff were made up of former Square Co. employees.[11] As part of the merger, many of the top officials within Square Co. assumed the leadership roles in the new corporate hierarchy, including president Yoichi Wada, who was appointed president of the corporation. The original founder of Enix, Yasuhiro Fukushima, is currently the honorary chairman and largest shareholder of the corporation.[12]
The company also owns Taito Corporation and former game publisher Eidos Interactive, which has been absorbed into Square Enix Europe. Square Enix now publishes all of Eidos' IPs and runs Eidos' development studios. Eidos was most well known for publishing Tomb Raider, Hitman, Deus Ex, Thief, Legacy of Kain and the Championship Manager series of games.
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The business model of Square Enix is centered on the idea of "polymorphic content", which consists in developing franchises on all potential hardware or media rather than being restricted by a single gaming platform.[18] An early example of this strategy is Enix's Fullmetal Alchemist manga series, which has been adapted into two anime TV series, two movies, and several novels and video games. Other polymorphic projects include Compilation of Final Fantasy VII, Code Age, World of Mana, Ivalice Alliance and Fabula Nova Crystallis: Final Fantasy. According to Yoichi Wada, "it's very difficult to hit the jackpot, as it were. Once we've hit it, we have to get all the juice possible out of it".[19]
The standard game design model of Square Enix is to establish the plot, characters and art of the game first. Battle systems, field maps and cutscenes are created next. A typical game of the company involves a team of at most 200 people. Square Enix doesn't usually use other companies' engines, preferring to code from scratch.[20] According to Taku Murata, Square Enix has settled into this game making model since Square's Final Fantasy VII in 1997 and did not try other approaches since,[21] as Enix did not have any internal development studio. Similar to Sony's Greatest Hits program, Square Enix sometimes re-releases games under the Ultimate Hits label, a designation given to games that have achieved a certain level of sales, at a reduced retail price.
In 2004, Square Enix began to work on a "common 3D format" which would allow the entire company to develop titles without being restricted to a specific platform: this led to the creation of a game engine, named Crystal Tools, which is compatible with the PlayStation 3, the Xbox 360, Windows-based PCs and to some extent the Wii.[22] Nevertheless, Square Enix has also begun considering other companies' engines and programming languages, licencing Epic Games' Unreal engine in 2007 for use in The Last Remnant,[23] and using the Squirrel language for the WiiWare title Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles: My Life as a King.[20]
In 2003, Square Enix's development staff consisted of eight Square and two Enix Product Development Divisions (開発事業部 kaihatsu jigyōbu).[24][25][26] Product Development Division 5 had offices both in Osaka and Tokyo.[24]
As of May 2005, Product Development Division 10 was headed by Yoshinori Yamagishi.[27] Yusuke Hirata, the former head of Product Development Division 5, left Square Enix in June 2005 to join Aquaplus.[28] Yasumi Matsuno, the former head of Product Development Division 4, left in August 2005 due to prolonged sickness.[25][29] Koichi Ishii, the former head of Product Development Division 8, left in April 2007 to start game development company Grezzo.[25][30] Toshiro Tsuchida, the former head of Product Development Division 6, left in March 2011 to join GREE.[31][32]
At present, the teams in charge of the Fabula Nova Crystallis: Final Fantasy, Dissidia: Final Fantasy and the Kingdom Hearts series are collectively referred to as the 1st Production Department (第1制作部 dai-ichi seisakubu), with no 2nd and 3rd Production Departments existing.[33] The current structure of the 1st Production Department is the result of a fall 2010 merger between Square Enix's Tokyo and Osaka development studios.[33]
| No. | Head | Employees | Games developed | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Square | ||||
| 1 | Yoshinori Kitase | 150–300 | Final Fantasy X-2 International + Last Mission, Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories, Kingdom Hearts II, Final Fantasy XIII, Final Fantasy XIII-2 | |
| 2 | Akitoshi Kawazu | ca 100 | Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles, Romancing SaGa (PS2 version) | |
| 3 | Hiromichi Tanaka | 61 | Final Fantasy XI: Rise of the Zilart, Final Fantasy XIV | |
| 4 | Yasumi Matsuno | ca 100 | Final Fantasy Tactics Advance, Final Fantasy XII | |
| 5 | Yusuke Hirata | 100 | All Star Pro-Wrestling III, Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep | |
| 6 | Toshiro Tsuchida | 57 | Front Mission 3, Front Mission 1st, Front Mission 4 | |
| 7 | Takashi Tokita | ca 20 | Hanjuku Hero Tai 3D, Final Fantasy I & II: Dawn of Souls[34] | |
| 8 | Koichi Ishii | 7 | Sword of Mana | |
| Enix | ||||
| 9 | Yuu Miyake | 11 | Kenshin Dragon Quest, Dragon Quest Monsters, Dragon Quest VIII | |
| 10 | Yosuke Saito | 16 | none (staff of producers) |
Square Enix's main concentration is on video gaming. Of its properties, the Final Fantasy franchise is the best-selling, with a total worldwide sales of over 100 million units as of June 2011.[35] Square Enix's Dragon Quest franchise is considered one of the most popular game series in Japan and new installments regularly outsell other games at the times of their release. Of the 57 million units of games in the series sold so far, about 52.4 million have been from Japan, about 2.9 million have been from North America, and about 1.7 million have been from Europe.[36] More recently, Square Enix's Kingdom Hearts series (developed in collaboration with Disney's Buena Vista Games) has become popular.
In early 2003, Square Enix's U.S. subsidiary registered the Dragon Quest trademark, retiring the Dragon Warrior moniker, which was necessitated in 1989 due a trademark conflict with the now defunct TSR, Inc.. In May 2004 Square Enix announced an agreement with Sony Online Entertainment for the Japanese publishing rights to EverQuest II. Square Enix has produced or is producing titles for most major consoles beginning with the Nintendo Entertainment System, though never on a Sega platform. Square Enix has historically developed exclusively for certain consoles. The company developed its flagship games almost exclusively for the Nintendo Entertainment System, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, PlayStation, and PlayStation 2 in their respective eras. However, Square Enix is not developing all of its major titles for one console exclusively in the seventh generation, as they have done in the past, but instead released the next major installment in the Final Fantasy series, Final Fantasy XIII on both the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in North America and Europe, and has recently announced that Dragon Quest X will be released on the Wii. Square Enix has also developed titles for handheld game consoles, including the Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS and PlayStation Portable. In addition, they have published games for Microsoft Windows-based personal computers, and for various models of mobile phones. Square Enix mobile phone games are available on the Vodafone network in some European countries, including Ireland, Great Britain, Spain, and France. Twenty-seven Square Enix games were included in Famitsu magazine's 'Top 100 Games Ever', seven being in the top ten list, with Final Fantasy X claiming the number one position.[37]
Before its launch, Michihiro Sasaki, senior vice president of Square Enix, spoke about the PlayStation 3, saying "We don't want the PlayStation 3 to be the overwhelming loser, so we want to support them, but we don't want them to be the overwhelming winner either, so we can't support them too much."[38] Square Enix continued to reiterate their devotion to multi-platform publishing in 2007, promising more support for the North American and European gaming markets where console pluralism is generally more prevalent than in Japan.[39] Their interest in multi-platform development was made clear in 2008 when the previously PlayStation 3-exclusive game Final Fantasy XIII was announced for release on the Xbox 360.
In 2008, Square Enix and Gas Powered Games announced partnership on the game Supreme Commander 2.[40] On July 8, 2008, Square Enix released their first game for the iPod, Song Summoner: The Unsung Heroes. Square Enix made a new brand for kids gaming that same year, known as Pure Dreams. Its purpose is to create games suitable for kids. The brand is now planning more games. Pure Dreams have just completed their first two games, Snoopy DS: Let's Go Meet Snoopy and His Friends (released in Japan on October 9, 2008) and Pingu's Wonderful Carnival (released in Japan on November 6, 2008). Fortress was the codename of a video game that was to be a spin-off of Square Enix's Final Fantasy series. It was envisioned as an action game set in the fictional world of Ivalice, and was intended for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows platforms. Although not yet officially announced, the project's existence was revealed after the closure of the original developer, GRIN, by former members of the development team and sources in the video game industry. The game had been cancelled,[41] along with Highlander: The Game, Downfall: San Francisco,[42] Gun Loco,[43] and Project Dropship.[44]
In 2009, Square Enix acquired Eidos, the company responsible for popular game series such as Tomb Raider, Hitman, Deus Ex, Thief and Legacy of Kain, as well as the publishing of the Windows versions of Final Fantasy VII and VIII. Square Enix has absorbed Eidos into a new division called Square Enix Europe. Square Enix will also create a new game engine called Luminous Studio.[45]
Square Enix also helped deliver Ubisoft games to Japan since 2009.[46]
Before the merger, Enix published its first online game Cross Gate in Japan, mainland China, and Taiwan in 2001 and Square release Final Fantasy XI in Japan on May 16, 2002 for the PlayStation 2. With the huge success after Square Enix released Final Fantasy XI worldwide in March 2004, Microsoft had the game ported into the Xbox 360 two years later, making it the first Final Fantasy game ever to be on the Xbox console. Due to the success of their MMORPG, Square Enix began a new project called Fantasy Earth: The Ring of Dominion. GamePot, a Japanese game portal, got the license to publish Fantasy Earth in Japan and it was released in Japan as "Fantasy Earth ZERO." In November 2006, however, Square Enix dropped the Fantasy Earth Zero project, giving acquisition to GamePot.
A next-gen MMORPG code named Rapture was developed by the Final Fantasy XI team using the company's Crystal Tools engine. It was unveiled at E3 2009 that the MMO, Final Fantasy XIV, for PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows, was released on September 30, 2010. A code to have a chance to be included in the Final Fantasy XIV beta was included with the PS3 version of Final Fantasy XIII. Also included is a code for an in-game item upon the release of Final Fantasy XIV.
Dragon Quest X was announced in September 2011 as an MMORPG being developed for Nintendo's Wii and Wii U consoles.[47]
The company has made two forays into the film industry. The first, Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within (2001), was produced by Square subsidiary Square Pictures prior to the merger (Square Pictures is now a consolidated subsidiary of Square Enix).[48] Its box-office failure caused Enix to delay the merger, which was already considered before the creation of the film, for fear of associating itself with a company that loses money.[49] In 2005, Square Enix released Final Fantasy VII Advent Children, a CGI-animation movie based on the PlayStation game Final Fantasy VII, set two years after the events of the game.
The company also has a manga publishing division in Japan (originally from Enix) called Gangan Comics, which publishes content for the Japanese market only. However, in 2010, Square Enix launched a digital manga store for North American audiences via its Members services, which contains several notable series published in Gangan anthologies.[50] Titles published by Gangan Comics include Black God, Durarara, Papuwa, Pani Poni, Spiral, He is My Master, Yumekui Kenbun, Doubt, Bamboo Blade, Pandora Hearts. Black Butler, Soul Eater, Zombie Loan, Tasogare Otome x Amnesia, Fullmetal Alchemist, and Higurashi no Naku Koro ni. Other titles include manga adaptations of diverse Square Enix games, like Dragon Quest, Kingdom Hearts and Star Ocean. Some of these titles have also been adapted into anime series.
Fullmetal Alchemist so far is the most successful offspring of Square Enix's manga branch, with more than 30 million volumes sold in Japan alone. The anime series obtained great popularity and even spawned a movie sequel. Both series and movie are licensed to many locations worldwide (in North America by FUNimation Entertainment). The same occurs with its manga series, licensed in North America by Viz Media. Kingdom Hearts and Spiral were licensed in North America by Tokyopop; Tokyopop dropped Spiral, but the title was later licensed again by Hachette's Yen Press, which has licensed other Square Enix titles including Soul Eater, Bamboo Blade and Higurashi no Naku Koro ni. Other titles like Soul Eater, Sekirei, Bamboo Blade and Shikabane Hime also were adapted to TV and licensed to other countries, including a second Fullmetal Alchemist anime series which debuted on Japanese television in 2009 and America on Adult Swim in 2010.
Square Enix also has a smartphone subsidiary, HipposLab.[51]
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